They have slight blood pressure elevation, impaired fasting blood glucose, dylipidyenia and abdominal obesity.
Clustering of these abnormalities in one individual gives him 2-4 times the risk of developing CVD.
Tips for healthy heart are therefore directed at addressing the modifiable risk factors.
Fortunately, lifestyle modification can correct most of the risk mentioned.
Diet and exercise are know to have beneficial effects on hypertensive ( Both systolic and diastolic), obesity ( through burning of calories) and duslipidemia and elevated blood sugar ( through insulin effect).
Nicotine from cigarette smoke is addicting and has deleterious effect on the cardiovascular system.
It causes blood vessels to constrict, aggravates hypertension and triggers chest pain in those with established coronary artery disease.
Chronic obstructive lung disease and lung cancer are the other non-cordiac sequelea of chronic smoking.
Avoidance of smoking and smoking cessation are advised to those who are addicted to nicotine to gain or regain the benefits from nicotine abstinence.